The grant team will examine the implementation and outcomes of subsidy payment policies and practices and develop proof-of-concept approaches and metrics to lay the groundwork for the lead agency to continue tracking the rollout of future payment policy changes. The research questions for this project include: 1. How do fee waivers during the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing reduction in family fees after the pandemic impact access to high-quality child care? 2. How do increased provider payment rates impact access to high-quality child care? 3. How does California’s move to universal preschool change the supply of providers and access to high-quality care for children from birth to age 5? (author abstract)