This study builds upon a series of studies conducted by the Foundation in the fall of 2019, which found that state economies were losing billions of dollars annually due to childcare challenges for working parents. In the spring and summer of 2020, the Foundation surveyed parents, employers, and childcare providers to understand how these childcare challenges had evolved due to COVID-19. In August, the Foundation surveyed working parents again to better understand if and how their childcare challenges may have evolved as the impact of COVID-19 has endured. (author abstract)