This report takes stock of ECEC service provision for young children of refugees and asylum seekers in select European countries (Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Turkey) as well as in Canada and the United States. In doing so, it aims to build understanding of strategies that have been shown to serve these children and families well. It draws on extensive fieldwork conducted in nine refugee-receiving countries and was developed with support from the Transatlantic Forum on Inclusive Early Years (TFIEY), a consortium of European and U.S. foundations concerned with improving the life prospects of young children who face risks to their wellbeing and healthy development. Beginning with a review of recent trends in migration to Europe (and to a lesser extent, North America), the report highlights the need for urgent and sustained action to address the integration needs of recent humanitarian arrivals. It then examines what the evidence shows about the ability of high-quality ECEC services to both mitigate the negative effects of poverty, trauma, and other risk factors experienced by many refugee families and to benefit the development of refugee children in other ways, including long-term integration into host-country societies. Finally, the report draws on original fieldwork to provide a comparative look at how ECEC systems in Europe and North America have--or have not--effectively reacted to recent arrivals, identifying common challenges and highlighting a wide range of promising policies and practices. (author abstract)