This report presents data on the early care and education arrangements and selected family activities of children in the United States from birth through the age of 5 who were not yet enrolled in kindergarten by 2016. The report also presents data on parents' ratings of factors that affected their choice of child care arrangements and on their participation in various learning activities with their children. For each category of information included in the report, the results are reported by child, parent, and family characteristics. The data for this report come from the Early Childhood Program Participation (ECPP) Survey, administered as part of the 2016 National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES:2016). The ECPP survey collects data about children from birth through age 6 who are not yet enrolled in kindergarten. The ECPP asks detailed questions about children's participation in relative care, nonrelative care, and center-based care arrangements. It also asks about the main reason for choosing care; what factors were important to parents when choosing a care arrangement; the primary barriers to finding satisfactory care; what activities the family does with the child, such as reading, singing, and arts and crafts; and what the child is learning, such as counting, recognizing the letters of the alphabet, and reading. Parents are the respondents. (author abstract)