This study is the first to examine middle school outcomes for students who attended public prekindergarten in Virginia. Sixty-seven percent of students who attended Virginia public kindergarten in 2005-2006 could be followed into eighth grade in 2013-2014 (N = 77,451). This cohort was examined because it is the first to have VDOE-collected data extending across prekindergarten and into eighth grade. The study focused on on-time promotion and literacy achievement. On-time promotion predicts higher high school graduation rates, and grade retention is costly to both students and funders. Literacy represents a primary focus for prekindergarten. Statistical propensity score weighting techniques were used to estimate equivalent comparison groups between students who had attended a Virginia prekindergarten program and students whose prekindergarten experience was unknown. A host of student and school characteristics known to be related to academic achievement were accounted for in analyses in order to highlight associations just with prekindergarten enrollment. (author abstract)