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Child care setting affects salivary cortisol and antibody secretion in young children
Watamura, Sarah, September 2010
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(8), 1156-1166

A study of the relationship of illness frequency to both cortisol levels and antibody secretions, measured several times throughout each day and both at home and at child care, in a sample of 65 children from upstate New York

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Cortisol patterns at home and child care: Afternoon differences and evening recovery in children attending high-quality full-day center-based care
Watamura, Sarah, 2005
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY

A study of the potential effects of altered patterning of cortisol--a stress-sensitive hormone detectable in saliva, which when elevated can suppress the immune system--among children in group child care settings

Reports & Papers


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Cortisol patterns at home and child care: Afternoon differences and evening recovery in children attending very high quality full-day center-based child care
Watamura, Sarah, July-August 2009
Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(4), 475-485

A study of the relationship between measurements of classroom quality and changes in children's cortisol levels at three child care centers in upstate New York which score very highly on a measurement of quality

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Double Jeopardy: Poorer social-emotional outcomes for children in the NICHD SECCYD experiencing home and child-care environments that confer risk
Watamura, Sarah, January/February 2011
Child Development, 82(1), 48-65

A study of the relationships between both home and child care quality and the socioemotional adjustment of groups of children in five different environments at ages 24, 36, and 54 months, based on a secondary analysis of data from 771 children

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Goodness of Fit in Child Care: Examining the Contributions of Child and Caregiver Characteristics to Stress Reactivity
Badanes, Lisa, 2007
University of Denver

Previous work has repeatedly shown that full-day child care is associated with increased physiological stress for many young children. Efforts to understand this phenomenon have demonstrated that quality of caregiving is important for predicting the proportion of children who exhibit a rising pattern of the stress-sensitive hormone cortisol across the day at child care. Understanding which children find child care particularly stressful and what caregiving behaviors are most important for buffering them from stress is badly needed. The present study specifically examines whether: (1) child temperament and attachment to parents predict cortisol reactivity across the day at child care; (2) secure attachment to child care providers buffers children against the stress reactivity; and (3) child care providers are able to buffer stress reactivity in a structured one-on-one interaction. Sample: 15 Head Start classrooms, 15 non-Head Start and non-university affiliated classrooms, 170 families, with oversample of 50 Mexican-origin families. Measures: Cortisol samples collected from children's saliva across the day, Attachment Q-set, Semi-structured Interaction, Measures of Sensitive and Intrusiveness, Child Behavioral Questionnaire/ Child Behavior Checklist, Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale- Revised, Parent Survey, Center Director Survey.

Administration for Children and Families/OPRE Projects


Implementing a state-wide universal prekindergarten program: A rural case study
Watamura, Sarah, 2004
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, College of Human Ecology, Early Childhood Program.

A case study of the implementation of a state-wide universal prekindergarten program in a public school district in rural, upstate New York, based on interviews with members of the early education community in the school district

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Implementing a state-wide universal prekindergarten program: A rural case study [Executive summary]
Watamura, Sarah, 2004
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, College of Human Ecology, Early Childhood Program.

An evaluation of New York State’s Universal Prekindergarten (UPK) program and its implementation in an upstate rural district: its emergence in the district, the key players and the program’s goals, its effect on the early education system in the district, and the challenges that still remain for UPK

Executive Summary


Implementing a state-wide universal prekindergarten program: A small city case study
Watamura, Sarah, 2004
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, College of Human Ecology, Early Childhood Program.

A case study of the implementation of a state-wide universal prekindergarten program in a public school district in a small, upstate New York city, based on interviews with members of the early education community in the school district

Reports & Papers


Implementing a state-wide universal prekindergarten program: A small city case study [Executive summary]
Watamura, Sarah, 2004
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, College of Human Ecology, Early Childhood Program.

A summary of a case study of the implementation of a state-wide universal prekindergarten program in a public school district in a small, upstate New York city, based on interviews with members of the early education community in the school district

Executive Summary


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Morning-to-afternoon increases in cortisol concentrations for infants and toddlers at child care: Age differences and behavioral correlates
Watamura, Sarah, 2003
Child Development, 74(4), 1006-1020

An examination of levels of salivary cortisol, a stress–sensitive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis hormone, in 20 infants and 35 toddlers in full-day, center-based child care

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Quality of care and temperament determine changes in cortisol concentrations over the day for young children in childcare
Dettling, Andrea C., 2000
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25(8), 819-836

An investigation of the influence of group size, adult:child ratio, separation from family/parents, and quality of attention from child care provider on patterns of cortisol production in preschool children in home-based child care

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Rising cortisol at childcare: Relations with nap, rest, and temperament
Watamura, Sarah, 2002
Developmental Psychobiology, 40(1), 33-42

A study of rising cortisol levels of 35 children in day care and possible explanations

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Stress Reactivity and Immune Function in Preschoolers
Watamura, Sarah, 2003
Cornell University

A study of the potential effects of altered patterning of cortisol--a stress-sensitive hormone detectable in saliva, which when elevated can suppress the immune system--among children who attend child care. The study examines the relationship between cortisol patterning across the day and evening and individual caregiving and temperament, as well as the relationship between cortisol patterning and sIgA--a measure of immune function. The study also discusses the implications for child care policy if cortisol elevations are related to suppressed immune function--including the need to weigh the benefits of child care interventions against potentially compromised health in low-income children who may have additional stressors at home, and suggests further research that could explore ways to minimize the stressors of group care to attenuate cortisol elevations and thus prevent any potential negative effects.

Administration for Children and Families/OPRE Projects


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Understanding cortisol reactivity across the day at child care: The potential buffering role of secure attachments to caregivers
Badanes, Lisa, Q1 2012
Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(1), 156-165

A study of the relationship between children's sensitivity to stress across the day and children's attachment to mothers and/or lead teachers, and a second study of classroom quality and family backgrounds' influences on that relationship, based on data from 110 preschoolers in child care, their teachers, and primary caregivers

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Research Connections is supported by grant #90YE0104 from the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The contents are solely the responsibility of the National Center for Children in Poverty and the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, the Administration for Children and Families, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

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