This research will examine the enrollment of children in CCDF subsidized providers during early childhood and the effects of these enrolments on the school achievement outcomes of children in grades third to eight. The project will first, explore how, when, where and what factors systematically influence whether low-income households enroll their children in early care and education providers receiving CCDF-funding. Second, it will study how those enrollment choices are causally related to the achievement test scores in math and reading during grades third to eighth. The project will employ a longitudinal dataset of administrative records from the city of Chicago and quasi experimental methods to mimic random assignment.